What Is Environmental Degradation - 810 Words

4.2 BACKGROUND The increasing severity of global environmental challenges has prompted increased attention to the relationship between international trade and environmental degradations. On the one hand, there is a growing strand of literature on environmental degradations that focuses on emissions relocated by trade. As shown in the comprehensive surveys of Jayadevappa and Chhatre (2000), Wiedmann et al. (2007) and Sato (2012), there has been a growing interest since the 1970s for the interactions between trade and environment. A number of studies were carried out to estimate the physical amount of pollutants embodied in trade. Early contributions were made by Walter (1973) and Shui and Harriss (2006). More recent studies employ Global†¦show more content†¦(2011), which are discussed below. Muller and Mendelsohn (2007; 2009) use a so-called Air Pollution Emissions Experiments and Policy (APEEP) model to calculate the marginal damage associated with emitting an additional ton of pollution in the US. Air emission data used by the authors is provided by the US Environmental Protection Agency’s National Emission Inventory (NEI), which encompasses all anthropogenic emissions of six air pollutants (SO2, PM2.5, PM10, NOx, VOC, and NH3) in 48 states of the US (USEPA, 2006; 2009). The APEEP model first connects emissions of air pollutants to physical effects, by employing the USEPA national emission inventory of air pollution. Those physical effects include adverse effects on human health, decreased timber and agriculture yields, reduced visibility, accelerated depreciation of materials, and reductions in recreation services. Then, the model translates the physical effects into monetary terms using standard estimates of mortality and morbidity risks, market values of goods or services, and results of other valuation studies (e.g. Chestnut and Rowe, 1990; McClelland et al., 1993). Muller and Mendelsohn (2007; 2009) first calculate baseline damages of the year 2002’s emissions, and then calculate damages of one additional ton of emission. This procedure is repeated for each of the six pollutants in each of the 10,000 different sources locations. The estimated marginal damage,Show MoreRelatedPoverty And Poverty1302 Words   |  6 Pagesthat poverty and environmental degradation are connected. These impoverished communities are not only contributors to the pollution, like we all are, but they are victims of pollution (Shah, 2005). Due to constant demand of the wealthy, many areas that are impoverished are used as an area devoted to supplying the needs of those at any cost or a dumping ground of unwanted goods. 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